The following series of Blog posts come from Jay Whiteside in Toronto, Canada where he keeps in touch with family and friends in a series of newsletters he’s named as ‘What’s Shaking’.  Jay has edited highlights from ‘What’s Shaking’ for us to hear firsthand how he is managing his Parkinson’s symptoms which were first discovered over ten years ago. He kindly gave me permission to post seven of his episodes here.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery

Episode 5: Living my life, not the disease.

“Jay, you’re living your life, not the disease,” said a medical team member at my pre-summer check-in. That’s a mantra disguised as a compliment. I take great pleasure from that observation and am propelled forward. 

So, I ventured on the squash court for the first time in 30-years. I was no Jahangir Khan for sure. But I didn’t embarrass the club or my host with my performance. And at least the following days’ muscle stiffness was not  rigor mortis. Since then, I’m playing regularly…line up ten guys my age on a squash court and ask which one has Parkinson’s. You won’t pick me! 

I visited family on my first unaccompanied transcontinental trip in ten-years  with Parkinson’s. Well worth the effort; just the effort was strenuous. Travel is a marvel – and you can’t beat the welcoming arms of family at your destination – but the literal people-packing logistics are a coordinated effort to exploit or aggravate brain damage. It’s a challenge for those of my ilk.

Further to this, students of the Parkinson’s condition will recognize a concern about impulse control. In some cases, the interaction of the disease and medication will produce potentially embarrassing “impulse control” side effect issues, like gambling,  excessive carnal desires, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and so forth. I face the prospect of impaired impulse control with big time apprehension.

So, I signed up for an online seminar on the topic. My first. It was a support group for those with hideous experiences to bare. Like the person who admitted he is compelled to disrobe completely each time using a toilet. 

He can recount it now with humour recalling people’s reactions to a wrinkled nudist in a public restroom. Ha-hah, right. It strikes fear of imminent humiliation for me. 

Laugh all you want, but while shopping at Nordstrom last month I was spooked I’d wander out of the change rooms naked. I was so preoccupied with not presenting myself nudus nudum, that I locked myself out of the change room. My clothes were inside. “…ROSIE?!”

Kaleidoscope Chart

The following series of Blog posts come from Jay Whiteside in Toronto, Canada where he keeps in touch with family and friends in a series of newsletters he’s named as ‘What’s Shaking’.  Jay has edited highlights from ‘What’s Shaking’ for us to hear firsthand how he is managing his Parkinson’s symptoms which were first discovered over ten years ago. He kindly gave me permission to post seven of his episodes here.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery

Episode 6: My Parkinson’s Kaleidoscope.

My other first is my beginnings of a “Parkinson’s Kaleidoscope” to help chart progress on the Parkinson’s journey. Where am I on this supposed progressive, degenerative voyage?

I’m aware of the random course my Parkinson’s symptoms appear to take. There’s no clear or predictable path to the journey. All sorts of different external factors affect change in Parkinson’s symptoms. Call them externalities. The externalities are not variables easily measured and they defy predictability. Each symptom  can be affected differently by externalities like emotional state, routine, current sense of self, level of exercise, nutrition, family status and feelings of support, among others.  

The current state and status of these relationships can’t be depicted as a histogram or a bar chart. I wish it were a periscope in which I could peer from great depths to see what lies ahead. The reality is more like looking into a kaleidoscope. 

So, I’m forced to make sense from an imperfect device…a kaleidoscope. To start building the basic viewfinder there’s got to be  an inventory of symptoms. 

Here’s mine – remembering that Parkinson’s cases are like snowflakes…no two are the same, they are merely a collection of similarities classified as “Parkinson’s”. This my snowflake…

I’m working to make sense of the journey and will have more thoughts on the Kaleidoscope in future Blogs.

My summer of firsts includes my first-ever effort at a series of short stories. I have no desire for a public career as children’s author, but I can see this becoming a private love affair of mine. I have (will have) some hesitation in sharing. Because I’d like it to be good.  But to be good, it will need to be vulnerable, emotional and personal, and we already know what I think about getting naked in public! Let’s see how this goes.

The following series of Blog posts come from Jay Whiteside in Toronto, Canada where he keeps in touch with family and friends in a series of newsletters he’s named as ‘What’s Shaking’.  Jay has edited highlights from ‘What’s Shaking’ for us to hear firsthand how he is managing his Parkinson’s symptoms which were first discovered over ten years ago. He kindly gave me permission to post seven of his episodes here.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery

Episode 7: Millie & Grampy Do Fun Stuff.

“The shoes of two Penticton hikers now relaxing after a busy day in the Okanagan wilderness. 

If you look closely, you may notice Tickleberry ice cream drippings, the official energy food of the region.”

Chapter One – Introduction: On the Trail Together

Millie, a spirited toddler with unstoppable curiosity, and her Grampy, Jay, a towering figure  whose wealth compounds in rich life experiences, have started a tradition of real and pretend fun stuff. Jay, who at 70 lives freestanding of Parkinson’s Disease, finds joy in these adventures, fuelling an offbeat perspective on the stories each trail tells. 

Despite a reserved nature, Jay’s dashing vitality and charming demeanor make him a well-liked figure in the community.

Their journeys are filled with exploration, laughter, and occasional goofiness, all strengthened by the bond of adoring grandfather and adorable granddaughter. As they navigate the rugged terrain, they create memories, each step building their spirits with shared delight. 

Today’s hike was no different, a mix of stunning vistas and dusty detours, including a stop for Tickleberry ice cream that produced more than just a sweet smackerel of tasty goodness.

As Millie padded along the path, her tiny shoes mirroring the confident long strides of her Grampy, the world was full of endless possibilities. Jay’s heart swelled with pleasure, and a hint of melancholy, knowing that his condition might one day limit these precious adventures. For now, he revels in the moment, each hike a chapter in their unfolding story.

Years into the future, Jay imagines Millie at the age when she can fully appreciate the wisdom and tales he longs to impart. He envisions her as a young woman, cool grey eyes flashing bright with interest, and gentle heart open to the world. A halo of soft red curls dancing in the wind.  Her sense of resolve being foremost in a confident demeanor. By then, his Parkinson’s might have advanced, making the rigorous hikes of today a dear memory. Yet, in his mind there is always now, and he crafts his letters and stories for her, weaving the threads of their experiences into a forever cuddle.

“Millie,” he would say in those future letters, “remember the time we stood at Munson Mountain, the wind whispering secrets only we could hear? Or the way the Okanagan Lake sparkled like a thousand diamonds just for us? Those moments are stamped in our soul for all time.”

Back in the present, they reached a lookout point where the valley spread beneath them, a montage of vineyards and orchards. Jay lifted Millie onto a rock, steadying her as she pointed eagerly at a distant sailboat. “Boat!” she called, her eyes wide. Jay laughed, the sound rich and warm, echoing across the landscape. “That’s right, Millie. A boat. One day, you’ll sail the world.”

In these quiet moments, Jay hoped that their hikes would be more than just physical journeys. He wished for them to become a bedrock of Millie’s childhood memories, a source of comfort and inspiration for the years ahead. As they started their descent, Jay whispered a silent prayer: to cherish each step, each laugh, and each precious moment they had together, building a gift of love and adventure that would endure, even when the hikes themselves could not…

Millie & Grampy Do Fun Stuff is the result of encouragement from family and friends to capture real moments in verse. I will be happy to blame/credit those same people for any strong response to the author’s work…and of course at this stage the work is still, as the lawyers in the family would say, in furtherance thereof. LOL.

As summarized in my video below, studies have reported promising results using photobiomodulation light therapy for TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury).  Posted below are short abstracts of a selection of studies that focus on traumatic brain injury. Anyone with a TBI challenge should take this option to facilitate recovery seriously.

To put this in perspective, photobiomodulation (previously known as low level laser therapy) was little known five years ago. Researchers who explore its application to a wide range of health conditions has skyrocketed over recent years.

Included  below small sampling of the dozens of studies that recommend photobiomodulation as a treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI).

Research Studies on Photobiomodulation Light Therapy for TBI 

J Neurotrauma. .2023 Feb;40(3-4):210-227. Photobiomodulation in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Photobiomodulation is a therapeutic modality that has gained increasing interest in neuroscience applications, including acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Its proposed mechanisms for therapeutic effect when delivered to the injured brain include antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Eighteen published articles were identified for inclusion: seventeen pre-clinical studies of in vivo animal models and one clinical study in human patients. The available human study supports safety and feasibility of Photobiomodulation in acute moderate TBI.

This systematic review provides substantial meta-analysis evidence of the benefits of PBM on functional and histological outcomes of TBI.

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Cells. 2024 Feb 23;13(5):385. Traumatic Brain Injury Recovery with Photobiomodulation: Cellular Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Future Potential. Lew Lim

Abstract

The objective of this study is to analyze transcranial photobiomodulation which employs specific red to near-infrared light wavelengths to modulate brain functions, as a promising therapy to address TBI’s complex pathophysiology in a single intervention. This study reviews the feasibility of this therapy, firstly by synthesizing PBM’s cellular mechanisms with each identified TBI’s pathophysiological aspect. The outcomes in human clinical studies are then reviewed.

The findings support PBM’s potential for treating TBI, notwithstanding variations in parameters such as wavelength, power density, dose, light source positioning, and pulse frequencies. In summary, transcranial PBM represents a multifaceted therapeutic intervention for TBI with vast potential which may be fulfilled by optimizing the parameters.

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J Lasers Med Sci. 2022 Dec 13:13:e65. Transcranial Infrared Laser Stimulation for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Series

Abstract

Introduction: This study intended to evaluate the safety and possible therapeutic effect of photobiomodulation among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Eleven participants who were diagnosed with TBI after full neurological examination and MRI evaluation by a board-certified neurologist completed five to eight 20-minute sessions

Results: All patients enrolled in this study protocol were able to tolerate the study procedures. Nine out of eleven participants had clinically significant improvements in GRC score (? +2). Neuropsychological testing and mood questionnaire outcomes also suggested a positive therapeutic effect.

Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the safety and potential efficacy of photobiomodulation as a non-invasive clinical intervention for individuals with TBI.

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Ageing Res Rev. 2023 Jan:83:101786. Can transcranial photobiomodulation improve cognitive function? A systematic review of human studies

Abstract

Background: Transcranial photobiomodulation has been studied for over a decade as a possible cognitive intervention.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation for enhancing human cognitive function in healthy adults and remediating impaired cognitive function in adults with cognitive disorders.

Methods: A systematic literature search from three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) was conducted from 1987 to May 2022. The cognitive function being evaluated included learning and memory, attention, executive function, language, and global cognitive function.

Results: Of the 35 studies identified, 29 (82.9 %) studies reported positive improvement in cognitive functions after tPBM. All nine studies on participants with subjective memory complaints, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia, showed positive outcomes. Seven (87.5 %) studies on traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients also showed positive results.

Conclusions: Photobiomodulation seems to improve cognitive function

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Photomed Laser Surg. 2018 Nov 28. Pulsed Transcranial Red/Near-Infrared Light Therapy Using Light-Emitting Diodes Improves Cerebral Blood Flow and Cognitive Function in Veterans with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Series

Abstract

Objective: This study explored the outcome of applying red/near-infrared light therapy using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) pulsed with three different frequencies transcranially to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Veterans.

Background: Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using LEDs has been shown to have positive effects on TBI in humans and animal models.

Methods: Twelve symptomatic military Veterans diagnosed with chronic TBI >18 months post-trauma received pulsed transcranial photobiomodulation using two neoprene therapy pads containing 220 infrared and 180 red LEDs over 6 weeks.

Results: Photobiomodulation significantly improved neuropsychological scores in 6 of 15 subscales (40.0%; p < 0.05; two tailed). SPECT analysis showed increase in rCBF in 8 of 12 (66.7%) study participants. Quantitative SPECT analysis revealed a significant increase in rCBF in this subgroup of study participants and a significant difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment.

Conclusions: Photobiomodulation using LEDs shows promise in improving cognitive function and Cerebral Blood Flow several years after TBI.

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Front Psychol. 2024 Jun 17:15:1378570. Can transcranial photobiomodulation improve cognitive function in TBI patients? A systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: Transcranial photobiomodulation is a non-invasive neuromodulation technology which has become a promising therapy for treating many brain diseases. Although it has been confirmed in studies targeting neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s that photobiomodulation can improve cognitive function, the effectiveness of interventions targeting TBI patients remains to be determined. This systematic review examines the cognitive outcomes of clinical trials concerning photobiomodulation in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched before October 31, 2023.

Results: The initial search retrieved 131 articles, and a total of 6 studies were finally included for full text-analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Conclusion: Results showed improvements in cognition for patients with chronic TBI after photobiomodulation intervention. The mechanism may be that photobiomodulation increases the volume of total cortical gray matter, subcortical gray matter, and thalamic, improves cerebral blood flow, functional connectivity, and cerebral oxygenation, improving brain function.

About Vielight Photobiomodulation Devices

The company, Vielight, has generously offered followers of Parkinsons Recovery a 10% discount off orders of any of their devices including Neuro Gamma device. Enter the coupon code healing4me on the shopping cart. The website: www.vielight.com 
Do not hesitate to call the company. They always provide four star service and are happy to answer all of your questions. 1-877-355-8012 (Main line). The company is located in Toronto Canada.

Warranty

Vielight is so confident in its new product that you get six (6) months to try out their newly invented photobiomodulation therapy. If for any reason you are not satisfied, you can return it for a 80% refund. I have never heard of a company that is so confident in their product that such a generous warranty can be extended. They obviously have high confidence in their new invention.

Experience of hundreds of members of my audience is certainly positive. Nine out of ten users retain their units. Only one out of ten return them to claim the 80% refund.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery

To succeed with a recovery program it is critical to take control over your recovery. Below is a declaration of independence I recommend you endorse by applying your signature below.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery

Declaration of Independence

In the beginning, one cell was formed inside the womb of my mother that captured the wisdom of all that I am today. The wisdom of one is 10 billion times seven fold  today as I am equipped today with a mind to organize my thoughts, a heart to evaluate them and a voice to express them.

At this time and this hour I declare my mind, heart and voice to be independent of any and all control over the health and well being of my body.

I acknowledge the miracle of life itself.

I celebrate the ability of my body to rejuvenate despite any and all limitations I currently experience.

I see limitless possibilities to manifest any and all of my dreams.

I cast off any and all limitations for recovery I have imposed on myself and imposed by others.

I assert the independent responsibility to decide what actions are in my best and highest good.

I acknowledge that the conditions which foster imbalances in my body are complex and multi-faceted.

On this day I ask for and openly receive healing.

I pledge from this day forward to listen to the wisdom of my body.

I commit to take any and all actions that are needed and necessary to bring my body back into balance.

I welcome the opportunity to transform bad habits that have been making me ill.

I refute the oppressive and dehumanizing claims that recovery is not possible.

I accept and welcome full responsibility for the health and wellness of my body.

I acknowledge that a therapy or treatment that helps one person may not necessarily be helpful to others or myself.

I commit to continue my journey down the road to recovery with the intention to persevere despite any and all setbacks and challenges I encounter along the way.

By affixing my signature below, I join with others who honor the power of the body to heal itself as I restore, rejuvenate and regenerate the inner wisdom of my body to heal itself.

_____________________                                                                                _______
Declaration of Independence Signature                                                       Date

In the previous post I pointed out that everyone has been traumatized to one extent or another. The answer to the question “do I have trauma” is always going to be yes for everyone. If you are still not convinced , here is a list of the many sources of trauma. I am guessing you see many that apply to you!

The Many Sources of Trauma

This post addresses the question “do I have Trauma?”. I will cut to the quick and provide my answer to this question up front. My answer is yes and I do not even know you!

1. Early Childhood Experiences

Early childhood is a critical period where foundational experiences shape our emotional and psychological development. Sources of trauma during this time can include:

• Abuse and Neglect: Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, as well as neglect, can have profound impacts on a child’s sense of safety and self-worth.
• Parental Separation or Divorce: The disruption of family structures can lead to feelings of instability and abandonment.
• Exposure to Domestic Violence: Witnessing violence between caregivers can create a pervasive sense of fear and helplessness.

2. Emotional and Psychological Trauma

Trauma can also stem from emotional and psychological experiences that may not always be visible but are deeply felt:

• Bullying and Harassment: Experiences of being bullied or harassed, whether in school, work, or social settings, can lead to lasting emotional scars.
• Rejection and Abandonment: Emotional rejection, such as feeling unloved or unwanted, can impact self-esteem and relationships.
• Traumatic Loss: The death of a loved one or the end of a significant relationship can cause intense grief and a sense of profound loss.

3. Accidents and Physical Injuries

Accidents and injuries, whether minor or severe, can also be sources of trauma:

• Car Accidents: Even if no physical injury occurs, the psychological impact of being in an accident can be significant.
• Sports Injuries: Serious injuries from sports can lead to not only physical pain but also emotional trauma related to loss of ability or identity.

4. Natural Disasters and Environmental Trauma

Natural disasters and environmental events can be traumatic for those who experience them:

• Earthquakes, Hurricanes, and Floods: The devastation caused by these events can lead to significant emotional and psychological trauma.
• Climate Change and Environmental Degradation: Long-term environmental changes can contribute to feelings of helplessness and anxiety about the future.

5. Violence and Crime

Exposure to violence and crime can leave lasting marks on individuals:

• Witnessing or Experiencing Violence: Being directly involved in or witnessing violent acts, such as assaults or shootings, can be deeply traumatic.
• Victimization: Being a victim of crime, such as theft or sexual assault, can lead to a range of psychological impacts, including PTSD.

6. Medical Trauma

Medical experiences, particularly those that are invasive or life-threatening, can also be sources of trauma:

• Serious Illness or Surgery: The experience of a severe illness or undergoing major surgery can be traumatic, especially if it involves a lengthy recovery or a significant change in quality of life.
• Childbirth: For some individuals, childbirth can be a traumatic experience, particularly if it involves complications or medical interventions.

7. Cultural and Societal Factors

Broader societal and cultural factors can also contribute to trauma:

• Discrimination and Racism: Experiences of racial or cultural discrimination can lead to profound psychological effects, including feelings of marginalization and powerlessness.
• Historical Trauma: For some communities, historical events, such as colonization or genocide, can have intergenerational impacts that continue to affect individuals today.

8. Personal and Interpersonal Relationships

The dynamics within personal and interpersonal relationships can also be a source of trauma:

• Abusive Relationships: Relationships characterized by emotional, physical, or verbal abuse can lead to significant trauma.
• Codependency and Manipulation: Dysfunctional relational patterns, such as codependency or emotional manipulation, can contribute to ongoing psychological distress.

The therapy that I personally found was most beneficial in releasing my own trauma is described here: https://www.breathwork.today

Conclusion

Understanding the diverse sources of trauma is a crucial step in addressing and healing from its impacts. Trauma can originate from many different experiences and contexts, each contributing to an individual’s emotional and psychological well-being in unique ways. Recognizing these sources allows for a more compassionate approach to both self-care and supporting others who may be navigating their own traumatic experiences.

If you or someone you know is struggling with trauma, seeking professional help from therapists, counselors, or support groups can be an important step toward healing and recovery. Remember, acknowledging and addressing trauma is a sign of strength, and there are resources available to support you on this journey.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery®
https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com

The therapy that I personally found was most beneficial in releasing my own trauma is described here: https://www.breathwork.today

Parkinsons Recovery is dedicated to identifying promising new therapies that offer the promise of reversing symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. One such therapy, High-Dose Thiamine, was discussed on Parkinsons Recovery Radio by Italian neurologist Antonio Constantini MD. He has been prescribing High Dose Thiamine as a treatment for his Parkinson’s patients with good success. Click on the pointer to hear the replay.

Brief Summary of the Q&A Follows

What Results have Your Parkinsons Patients Experienced?

It depends in part on whether the person has been recently experienced symptoms of Parkinson’s or has had them for several years. For the newly diagnosed taking high dose thiamine (whether by oral tablet or injection) reduces motor symptoms on average by 50% to 70% for persons who have recently begun experiencing Parkinson’s symptoms. In selected cases a patient can celebrate experiencing no symptoms. Improvements in motor symptoms are common.

For patients who have experienced symptoms for a long period of time, Dr.Costantini prescribes L-dopa and other more traditional medications. Such patients are also reported to experience symptom relief but results are generally not as dramatic.

How “High” Does the Thiamine Dosage Need to Be?

The recommended dosage varies considerably from patient to patient and is determined only after a medical checkup. Many factors influence the dosage that is prescribed. Possibilities range from 1 gram up to 4 grams a day of Vitamin B1 which is 1,000 to 4,000 times the normally recommended dose.

For some patients requiring the higher doses Dr. Costantini may administer B1 injections of 100 milligrams twice a week for a total intake of 200 milligrams each week of treatment.

Why Do You Prescribe High Dose Thiamine for your Parkinson’s Patients?

When there is a deficiency of thiamine, the result is a dysfunction in
metabolism. For persons experiencing Parkinsons symptoms, Dr. Costantini hypothesized there is a deficiency in the update of thiamine to the brain cells that produce dopamine.

How Quickly Do Parkinson’s Patients Begin to Experience Relief from Symptoms?

If they are taking Thiamine in tablet or powder form, it typically takes 2-3 days to experience symptomatic improvement. When shots or injections are administered the improvement can typically be experienced in 30-45 minutes.

Once a patient begins taking high dose thiamine Dr. Costantini reports that they typically must continue taking it to receive continued benefits. It is possible to take short breaks without incurring troublesome setbacks.

What Conditions Other the Parkinson’s Is High Dose Thiamine Therapy Useful?

Dr. Costantini reports that high dose thiamine is also useful for chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, cluster headaches, migraines and Huntington’s disease.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery
Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease
https://www.parkinsonsdisease.me

As discussed in my short video, memory training for dementia is a strategy we all need to engage as we age whether our current age is 20 or 80!

Information about the Parkinsons Recovery Mindwork challenges is here:
https://www.parkinsonsrecovery.com/parkinsons-recovery

Below is an abstract from a study that examined the usefulness of memory training for 76 individuals currently diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease:

Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020 Mar;72:13-22. doi: 10.1016. Effects of working memory training in patients with Parkinson’s disease without cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial. Anja Ophey , Kathrin Giehl , Sarah Rehberg , Carsten Eggers , Paul Reker , Thilo van Eimeren , Elke Kalbe 

Objective: To determine the feasibility and evaluate effects of a computerized working memory (WM) training (WMT) in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) on cognitive and clinical outcomes.

Methods: 76 patients with PD without cognitive impairment were randomized to either the WMT group (n = 37), who participated in a 5-week adaptive WMT, or a passive waiting-list control group (CG, n = 39). Patients underwent clinical and neuropsychological examination at baseline, after training, and at 3-months follow-up, with verbal WM and non-verbal WM as primary outcomes. Outcome assessors were blinded for group allocation.

Results: All WMT participants completed the training successfully and reported high levels of motivation for and satisfaction with the training. Repeated-measures, linear mixed-effects models revealed positive training effects for the WMT group compared to the CG in verbal working memory with a small relative effect size 0.39 [95%CI 0.05; 0.76] for the 3-months follow-up only. No other reliable training effects in cognitive and clinical variables were found for either point of time.

Conclusions: In this randomized controlled trial, memory training for dementia is feasible and yielded some evidence for 3-months follow-up training gains in patients with Parkinsons disease. WMT might be an effective intervention to prevent cognitive decline in this patient group.

Robert Rodgers PhD
Founder 2004
Parkinsons Recovery 
Road to Recovery from Parkinsons Disease